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xsq_test.pro
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1997-07-08
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;$Id: xsq_test.pro,v 1.4 1997/01/15 03:11:50 ali Exp $
;
; Copyright (c) 1994-1997, Research Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
; Unauthorized reproduction prohibited.
;+
; NAME:
; XSQ_TEST
;
; PURPOSE:
; This function computes the chi-squared goodness-of-fit test
; between observed frequencies and the expected frequencies of
; a theoretical distribution. The result is a two-element vector
; containing the chi-squared test statistic X2 and probability
; of obtaining a value of X2 or greater.
;
; CATEGORY:
; Statistics.
;
; CALLING SEQUENCE:
; Result = XSQ_TEST(OBFREQ, EXFREQ)
;
; INPUTS:
; OBFREQ: An n-element vector of type integer, float or double
; containing observed frequencies.
;
; EXFREQ: An n-element vector of type integer, float or double
; containing expected frequencies.
;
; KEYWORD PARAMETERS:
; OBCELL: Use this keyword to specify a named variable which returns
; a vector of observed frequencies used to formulate the chi-
; squared test statistic. The elements of this vector are
; often refered to as the "cells" of the observed frequencies.
; The length of this vector is determined by the length of
; EXCELL described below.
;
; EXCELL: Use this keyword to specify a named variable which returns
; a vector of expected frequencies used to formulate the chi-
; squared test statistic. If each of the expected frequencies
; contained in the n-element input vector, EXFREQ, has a
; magnitude of 5 or greater, then this vector is identical to
; EXFREQ. If EXFREQ contains elements of magnitude less than 5,
; adjacent expected frequencies are combined. The identical
; combinations are performed on the corresponding elements of
; OBFREQ.
;
; RESIDUAL: Use this keyword to specify a named variable which returns
; a vector of signed differences between corresponding cells
; of observed frequencies and expected frequencies.
; RESIDUAL(i) = OBCELL(i) - EXCELL(i). The length of this
; vector is determined by the length of EXCELL described
; above.
;
; EXAMPLE:
; Define the vectors of observed and expected frequencies.
; obfreq = [2, 1, 4, 15, 10, 5, 3]
; exfreq = [0.5, 2.1, 5.9, 10.3, 10.7, 7.0, 3.5]
; Test the hypothesis that the given observed frequencies are
; an accurate approximation to the expected frequency distribution.
; result = $
; xsq_test(obfreq, exfreq, obcell = obcell, excell = excell)
; The result should be the two-element vector [3.05040, 0.383920].
; Since the vector of expected frequencies contains elements of
; magnitude less than 5, adjacent expected frequencies are combined
; resulting in fewer cells. The identical combinations are performed
; on the corresponding elements of observed frequencies.
; The cells used to formulate the chi-squared test statistic are
; contained in the keyword parameters, obcell and excell.
; They should contain the values, [7, 15, 10, 8] and
; [8.5, 10.3, 10.7, 10.5], respectively.
; The computed value of 0.383920 indicates that there is no reason to
; reject the proposed hypothesis at the 0.05 significance level.
;
; PROCEDURE:
; XSQ_TEST computes chi-squared goodness-of-fit test between observed
; frequencies and the expected frequencies of a theoretical distribution.
; Expected frequencies of magnitude less than 5 are combined with
; adjacent elements resulting in a reduction of cells used to formulate
; the chi-squared test statistic. If the observed frequencies differ
; significantly from the expected frequencies, the chi-squared test
; statistic will be large and the fit is poor. This situation requires
; the rejection of the hypothesis that the given observed frequencies
; are an accurate approximation to the expected frequency distribution.
;
; REFERENCE:
; PROBABILITY and STATISTICS for ENGINEERS and SCIENTISTS (3rd edition)
; Ronald E. Walpole & Raymond H. Myers
; ISBN 0-02-424170-9
;
; MODIFICATION HISTORY:
; Written by: GGS, RSI, August 1994
;-
pro freq_cell, obfreq, exfreq
;Combine elements of the expected frequency that are less than 5.
;Make corresponding changes to the vector of observed frequencies.
ief = where(exfreq lt 5, nex)
if nex ne 0 then begin
while nex ne 0 do begin
nfreq = n_elements(exfreq)
if exfreq[ief[0]] eq exfreq[0] then begin
;First element less than 5.
exfreq[1] = exfreq[0] + exfreq[1]
exfreq = exfreq[1:*]
obfreq[1] = obfreq[0] + obfreq[1]
obfreq = obfreq[1:*]
endif else if exfreq[ief[0]] eq exfreq[nfreq-1] then begin
;Last element less than 5.
exfreq[nfreq-2] = exfreq[nfreq-2] + exfreq[nfreq-1]
exfreq = exfreq[0:nfreq-2]
obfreq[nfreq-2] = obfreq[nfreq-2] + obfreq[nfreq-1]
obfreq = obfreq[0:nfreq-2]
endif else begin
;Some middle element less than 5.
exfreq[ief[0]] = exfreq[ief[0]] + exfreq[ief[0]+1]
obfreq[ief[0]] = obfreq[ief[0]] + obfreq[ief[0]+1]
if ief[0] ne nfreq-2 then begin ;Second to last element?
exfreq = [ exfreq[0:ief[0]], exfreq[ief[0]+2:*] ]
obfreq = [ obfreq[0:ief[0]], obfreq[ief[0]+2:*] ]
endif else begin
exfreq = [ exfreq[0:ief[0]] ]
obfreq = [ obfreq[0:ief[0]] ]
endelse
endelse
ief = where(exfreq lt 5, nex)
endwhile
endif
end
function xsq_test, obfreq, exfreq, excell = excell, obcell = obcell, $
residual = residual
on_error, 2
nex = n_elements(exfreq)
if nex ne n_elements(obfreq) then $
message, 'Observed and expected frequencies must be n-element vectors.
ineg = where(obfreq lt 0, nneg)
if nneg ne 0 then message, $
'Vector of observed frequencies cannot contain negative data.'
if total(exfreq) lt 5 then $
message, 'Total of expected frequencies must be 5 or greater.'
iex = where(exfreq lt 5, nex)
if nex ne 0 then begin
;Combine adjacent elements of expected frequency vector that are
;less than 5. Corresponding changes are made to adjacent elements
;of the observed frequency vector.
obcell = obfreq
excell = exfreq
freq_cell, obcell, excell
;Adjust degrees of freedom
df = n_elements(excell)-1
;Chi-square test statistic.
residual = (obcell - excell)
z = total(residual^2.0 / excell)
;Probability of obtaining a value of z or larger
prob = 1 - chisqr_pdf(z, df)
return, [z, prob]
endif else begin
obcell = obfreq
excell = exfreq
;Degrees of freedom
df = n_elements(excell)-1
residual = (obcell - excell)
z = total(residual^2.0 / excell)
prob = 1 - chisqr_pdf(z, df)
return, [z, prob]
endelse
end